European Association for Japanese Studies
ヨーロッパ日本研究協会

EAJS 2023: Religious Space

Religious Space: Power, Worship, and Image in Medieval Japan

Room 6.60, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Gent

Workshop description

The formation of medieval Japanese culture had been profoundly affected by religion, predominantly Buddhism. This phenomenon led not only to the emergence of particular forms of medieval state rulership, but also gave structure and formative dimensions to the popular religiosity, thus creating a foundation of medieval Japan’s worldview. The major factors and leading roles in these formative processes were not limited only to the Buddhist temple structures and religious founders or high-ranking clerics. Rather, the diverse religious subjects and forces had permeated and positively affected all strata of Japan’s society, creating incessantly new religious spaces and sacred objects, such as icons and symbols, which could be located at the very center of those spaces. The presentations in this workshop will introduce several thought-provoking examples of such religious spaces and sacred objects, discovered as a result of latest investigations and interpretive approaches within the field of researching Japanese religious texts and manuscripts, and will clarify the respective historical and cultural contexts of their production. A particular emphasis will be placed on the theories of embodiment, including the notions of power, icon, media, and gender, with the purpose of uncovering their mutual dynamic relationships.

10.00–10.15 Arrival of the participants, room 6.60, sixth floor, Blandijnberg 2
10.15–10.30 Welcome and introductory remarks by the local workshop organizer (Anna Andreeva, Ghent University)
10.30–12.00 Part 1: “The religious context for the production of the Shōtoku Taishi sculpture (Namu Butsu Taishi, ca. 1292) preserved at Arthur M. Sackler Museum (Harvard Art Museums).” Prof. Abe Yasurō 阿部泰郎 (Ryūkoku /Nagoya University emer.), Prof. Abe Mika 阿部美香 (Shōwa Women’s University), in Japanese.
12.00–14.00 Lunch break
14.00–15.30 Parts 2 and 3: “Religious Space, Soteriology, and Gender”
“On religious spaces created by an imperial consort in medieval Japan”
Prof. Abe Mika 阿部美香 (Shōwa Women’s University, in Japanese) “On diverse historical perceptions of Chiyono monogatari in premodern Japan”
Prof. Yoneda Mariko 米田真理子 (Tottori University, in Japanese)
Panel chair: Anna Andreeva (Ghent University)
15.30–16.00 Comments and discussion
Prof. Itō Satoshi 伊藤聡 (Ibaraki University)
Prof. Julia Cross (Stanford University, TBC)

Abstracts

The religious context for the production of the Shōtoku Taishi sculpture (Namu Butsu Taishi, ca. 1292) preserved at Arthur M. Sackler Museum (Harvard Art Museums).

Prof. Abe Yasurō 阿部泰郎 (Ryūkoku University/Nagoya University emeritus)
Prof. Abe Mika 阿部美香 (Shōwa Women’s University).

The worship of Prince Shōtoku, which received a wide reception during medieval times, led to an emergence of new religious imagery and multidimensional sacred spaces dedicated to this important figure. One important model for this new form of worship is the so-called “Namu Butsu Taishi” image of a two-year old Prince Shōtoku joining his hands in a prayer (gasshō) and proclaiming his praise to the Buddha (Namu Butsu). The oldest existing example of this image is a 67.9 cm tall sculpture made of Japanese cypress in 1292, the sacred object from the Jōgūōin quarters of the Horyūji Temple in Nara, which could also be called the “avatar of the Buddha-relic clenched in his fist.” It is currently preserved at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, a part of Harvard University’s Art Museums, as a partial and promised gift of Walter C. Sedgwick in memory of Ellery Sedgwick Sr. and Ellery Sedgwick Jr. (item nr. 2019.122; Prince Shōtoku at Age Two; Shōtoku Taishi Nisaizō, https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/209642).
This statue’s internal cavity houses diverse dedicatory objects and religious texts, which urgently require scholarly analysis and contextualisation. Recently, the joint team research of Nagoya and Harvard Universities has read, analysed, and interpreted this object in its entirety. As a result, it is now understood that this image of Prince Shōtoku had emerged in Kamakura-period Japan, against the backdrop of the religious activities, vows, and karmic connections of medieval Buddhist nuns, who were active in the vicinity of the Saidaiji cleric Eison (1201–1290), himself closely linked to the imperial court. Furthermore, the historical and cultural background and context of these links can be revealed by reading the diverse religious texts, including the Buddhist imagery and scriptures, preserved in the internal cavity of the statue. This lecture will introduce the entire object and present it in multidimensional media, including its digital images. It will reconstruct the rich world of the “Namu Butsu Taishi” statue as a unique example of religious cultural heritage, by displaying its narrative imagery, through the medieval Shōtoku Taishi legends and hand-painted illustrated scrolls.

On religious spaces created by an imperial consort in medieval Japan

Prof. Abe Mika 阿部美香 (Shōwa Women’s University)

Sen’yōmon’in (1181–1252), the sixth daughter of the retired emperor Go-Shirakawa (1127–1192), was a bearer of a mysterious experience. In her teens, she had suffered a strange ailment, when her spirit had detached itself from her body; only the prayers by her elder brother, Dharma Prince Shukaku (1150–1202) could eventually cure her. She inherited vast imperial land estates from her father, Go-Shirakawa. Bearing the title of “Nun Shingon Master” (ama shingonshi), she practiced a deep faith in esoteric Buddhism (mikkyō) and acted as an equal counterpart to the prominent esoteric monks Jōken (1162–1231) and Gyōhen (1181?–1264?). In doing so, Sen’yōmon’in had created open religious spaces where women could form the karmic bonds. The most representative of these were the Enma Hall (Enmadō) at Daigoji and the Founders’ Hall (Mieidō) at Tōji temples in Kyoto. This presentation will introduce and analyse these important examples.

On diverse historical perceptions of Chiyono monogatari in premodern Japan

Prof. Yoneda Mariko 米田真理子 (Tottori University)

The fourteenth-century fictional novel Chiyono monogatari, tells a story of a medieval woman Chiyono, who practiced Zen, and describes the process how she acquired enlightenment. Initially, this tale had a relatively complex structure, with a male monk narrator, and two stories of an old monk and Chiyono. Afterwards, the story of Chiyono began to circulate on its own, transforming into a hand-painted scroll (emaki) narrative during the fifteenth century. By the seventeenth century, there appeared individual hanging scrolls (kakejiku) depicting Chiyono. Their viewers must have known and been able to recall the medieval story as the pre-existing background to these depictions of Chiyono. Furthermore, during the Edo period, parody tales based on this story were compiled and became interwoven with the legendary records of historical nun figures, revealing a very diverse development. In this presentation, I will trace and problematize the process of this medieval tale’s historic perception and change from the medieval to early modern periods, focusing on the illustrated images linked to Chiyono monogatari.

宗教的空間:中世日本における権力・信仰・イメージ

《開催趣旨》

中世の日本文化は、仏教を中心とする宗教が深くその形成に関わり、それは国家の王権を生み出し、支える役割から、民俗的な心性の次元までにわたり、世界の基盤となっていた。その担い手は、寺院組織や祖師・高僧に限らず、あらゆる階層にわたる多様な宗教的主体が積極的に立ち働き、絶えず新たな宗教空間と、その中心となる<聖なるもの>としてのイコンやシンボルを作り出していった。現在の最新の宗教テクスト研究のフィールドにおける探査と解釈学的アプローチの成果である、いくつかの興味深い事例を紹介し、その歴史文化的コンテクストを明らかにしてみたい。その視点として、権力、イコンとメディアのイメージ、ジェンダーを含む身体性について注目しつつ、相互の動態的関係性の発見を試みる。

プログラム

10.00–10.15 ご参加者の到着, 第 6.60教室, 六階, Blandijnberg 2
10.15–10.30 ご開催のアドレス (アンナ・アンドレーワ、ゲント大学)
10.30–12.00 講義: パート1 「ハーバード南無仏太子像の宗教的コンテクスト」
(阿部泰郎、龍谷大学・阿部美香、昭和女子大学)
12.00–14.00 休憩
14.00–15.30 パネル:「宗教的空間・救済・ジェンダー」
パート2「中世女院が創り上げた宗教空間」(阿部美香、昭和女子大学)
パート3「『千代野物語』の享受の世界」(米田真理子・鳥取大学)
パネル・チェア:アンナ・アンドレーワ、ゲント大学
15.30–16.00 コメント・総括討論
伊藤聡 (茨城大学)
ジュリア・クロス(スタンフォード大学)

各ご発表要旨

パート1 「ハーバード南無仏太子像の宗教的コンテクスト」(阿部泰郎・美香)

中世に大きな展開を遂げた聖徳太子信仰は、新たな太子尊像の図像とその多元的な宗教空間を生み出した。その典型が、二歳の幼児の太子が合掌して「南無仏」と唱えた姿という「南無仏太子像」である。法隆寺上宮王院の聖遺物である拳内御舎利のアバターと言うべきこの像の最古の作例が、ハーバード美術館像(1292)であるが、多彩な宗教テクストを含む、膨大な像内納入品が発見され、その解明が待たれていた。名古屋大学とハーバード大学の共同研究により、その全貌が解読され、その過程で、本像の背景に、鎌倉時代の宮廷と深く関わった西大寺叡尊(1201-1286)の周辺の尼僧たちの発願と結縁が浮かび上がってきた。更に、それらの歴史文化的コンテクストが、納入された仏像や経典などの多様な宗教テクストから解読された。その全体像を、デジタル画像を含む多元的な媒体によって紹介するとともに、その背景となる中世太子伝と絵伝の、ナラティブ・イメージを提示して、宗教文化の遺産としての南無仏太子像のユニークな世界像を復元したい。

パート2「中世女院が創り上げた宗教空間」(阿部美香)

後白河院の皇女宣陽門院(1181-1252)は、十代の頃に魂が体から遊離し兄の守覚法親王(1150-1202)の祈りにより回復するという、特異な体験の持ち主である。後白河院から莫大な皇室所領を受け継ぎ、深い仏教(密教)信仰を持って「尼真言師」となった彼女は、密教僧(成賢や行遍)をパートナーに、女人も結縁できる開かれた宗教空間を創りだす。その代表が、醍醐寺閻魔堂であり、また東寺御影堂である。それらユニークな宗教空間の構造を照らし出してみたい。

パート3「『千代野物語』の享受の世界」(米田真理子・鳥取大学)

14世紀に誕生した『千代野物語』(ちよのものがたり)は、千代野という女性が禅の修行を行い、悟りを開くまでの過程を描いた物語です。この物語は、最初は、男性の僧侶を語り手として、ある老僧と千代野の二つの話を載せる、やや複雑な構成でした。その後、千代野の話が独立し、15世紀には絵巻に仕立てられ、17世紀になると、千代野を描いた掛け軸が登場します。掛け軸を見る人たちは、描かれた千代野の姿だけで、背後にあるストーリーを理解することができたのでしょう。さらに、江戸時代には、パロディが作られたり、実在した尼僧の伝記に組み込まれたりして、多様な展開を見せます。本発表では、『千代野物語』が、中世から近世にかけてどのような変化を遂げたかという物語享受の問題を、特に絵画に注目して探っていこうと思います。